Biomass burning is the largest source of carbonaceous aerosol in the atmosphere. Biomass burning aerosol can alter the Earth’s radiative balance by absorption and scattering of solar radiation, resulting in a significant impact on global climate. However, because of the complexity of biomass burning aerosol, the magnitude of this climate effect is still uncertain. The […]

Thus far Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) has been the sole commercially viable in-situ recovery method to extract Canadian oil sands that are too deep for mining. It involves high pressure steam injection and bitumen production using horizontal well pairs located near the base of oil sands formations. While it has enabled conversion of significant resources […]

Desert ants rely on multiple systems in order to successfully navigate, including memorizing snapshots of their visual surroundings and path integration. During path integration, foragers record both their heading direction, through a sky compass, and the distance from the nest through a step-counter giving the forager an estimate of the nest’s location while they forage. […]