Water loss through background leakage in water distribution systems is increasingly plaguing municipalities. As the cost of energy to treat and transport water steadily rises, and the scarcity of fresh water in communities becomes more prominent, action to replace deteriorating water infrastructure is critical. The proposed research aims at providing water utilities a cost-efficient method […]

Water and wastewater utilities typically represent the single largest municipal consumer of electricity. Previous studies have shown the potential to significantly reduce this use through infrastructure and operational improvements, particularly for water distribution. The proposed research seeks to validate and expand the application of energy metrics, developed by the applicant, that describe how energy is […]